280 CONCLUSION.

systems of religion, which in a measure account for its continued existence in the world. But it certainly does not contain a single new or lofty religious conception, and its general tone is all too faithful a reflexion of the carnal and sensual nature of its founder. To use an Oriental simile is not perhaps inappropriate in speaking of such a thoroughly local and Oriental religion as Muhammadanism. Islam therefore may aptly be compared with:

"That bituminous lake where Sodom flamed,"

which, receiving into its bosom the waters of many streams that, thus united, assume the shape and form of its basin, turns them all into one great widespread Sea of Death, from whose shores flee pestilential exhalations destructive to all life within reach of their malign influence. Such is Islam. Originating from many different sources and receiving into it certain elements of truth, it has assumed its form from the character and disposition of Muhammad; and thus the good in it serves only to recommend and preserve the evil which renders it a false and delusive faith, a curse to men and not a blessing — one that has turned into deserts many of the fairest regions of the earth, that has, even in our own days, deluged many a land with innocent blood, and has smitten with a moral, intellectual, and spiritual blight every nation of men which lies under its iron yoke and groans beneath its pitiless sway.

INDEX
[The numbers refer to the pages.]

Aaron, 113, 150, 155.
'Abbasi, 119, 123, 134, 147, 197.
Abel, 62-5.
'Abdu'llah ibn Salam, 134.
'Abodah Zarah, 110.
Abraham, 30, 34, 46, 57, 200, 201, 202, 207, 208, 222, 231, 240, 261, 272.
— in the Fire, 66-80, 105.
— "Religion of," 31, 58, 261, 264, 265, 271.
— "Testament of," 46, 196, 198, 200-2, 203, 205, 207, 231, 232, 240.
Abraham Geiger, Rabbi, 7, 62, 131, 151.
Abu Bakr, 17, 38.
Abu Hurairah, 210, 256.
Abu Isa'l Maghribi, 52.
Abu'l Fida, 44, 45, 46, 52, 67, 193, 212, 213.
Abu Takbihah, 134.
Adam, 52, 62-4, 192-7, 206-8, 223, 225, 232, 240, 243, 245, 246, 247, 250.
Adhar, 77, 227, 228, 229.
Æthiopia, 177.
Ahadith, 12, 15, (vide Traditions).
— Sunni collections, 12, n.
— Shi'ah collections, 13, n.
Ahmad, 142, 190, 191.
Ahriman, 217, 230, 243, 244, 246, 252.
Ahuro Mazdao, (vide Ormazd).
Al Kindi, 21, 46, 238.
 Άλιλάτ, 32.
Allah Ta'ala, 33, 40, 42, 245, 260.
Allat, 32, 33, 267, 271.

Al Mu'allaqat, 34, 47, 49.
Al A'raf, 123, 124, 202.
Al Waqidi, 270.
Aminah, 161, 247, 270.
Amrita, 230.
Amshaspands, 99, 228, 241.
Anachronisms, 70, 78.
Angel of Death, 200, 235, 241, 242, (vide Sammael, 'Azrail).
Angels worship Adam, 196.
Anna, 156, 157, 167.
Anro Mainyus (vide Ahriman).
Antichrist, 186, 187, (vide Dajjal).
Anushravan, 212.
Apocryphal Gospels, 136-211, 140, 142, 149, 156, 159, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 174, 181, 231, 233.
Apostles, 142.
Apsarasas, 103, 104, 238.
Arabian Beliefs and Practice, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 57, 58, 127.
Arabian Christians, 141.
Arabian Nights, 234.
Arabic Gospel of the Infancy, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175, 182.
Arabs, 29, 30, 140, 145.
'Araisu'l Majalis, 66, 68, 89, 93, 119, 122, 189, 243.
'Araisu't Tijan, 186, 225.
Aralezk'h, 239.
Aramaic words in the Qur'an, 126.
Artang, 192.
Arta Viraf, 217, 226-30, 231, 232, 235.
Avesta, 99, 122, 124, 151, 214,